ABOUT US

Our age has witnessed many wonderful events and breathtaking achievement. What regarded as impossible a few years age has To –day become common place reality. What had been considered Unacceptable in remote past that has been established itself as an inseparable part of our social system. We can perceive the history of mankind as a never-ending series of concept National revolution.
Before entering into our desired and main subject of HUMAN RIGHTS let us take a succinct and pellucid look into United Nations Out of which HUMAN RIGHTS law including several Others important welfare organizations originated. The United Nations is an international non-Organization governmental .It is an Organisation of multi dimensional character.We can not imagine the modern age without organizations like United Nations. It has Got the inherent capacity to emerge as a Universal earthly and visible religion. It embraces every aspect of human life except indestructible soul. The formation United Nations was taken place on 24th October 1945 after Second World War. The charter of United Nations was adopted in a convention which was attended and signed by the representative of fifty Nations on 24th October 1945.At the time of its formation it has 51 nations as a member. Now it has 185 nations as a member. Its central office is located at new work city of America, Every member nations provide financial assistance for functioning of United Nations. There are six part or organ or department of united nation First-General Assembly, second- security council , Third- social and financial council , Fourth- conservative council,, Fifth- International court of justice which is located at Hague secretariat . The chief functions of united are as follows:

(A) To find out a peaceful solution of war and violent dispute between nations.
(B) To provide independence to slave country.
(C) Protection of HUMAN RIGHTS.
(D) To spread the ideal of United Nations among every section of society.
(E) To take positive and concrete steps in the direction of disarmament.
(F) To eliminate the discrimination which is going on the basis of cast, colour and ethnic at international level?
(G) To strive in the direction of achieving the world peace.

Apart from these, there are several other important and welfare organizations are working under the supervision and guidance of
United Nation viz:
UNESCO ( United Nations Educational, Scientific and cultural organization
UNCTAD ( United Nations commission for Trade and development)
UNDRO ( United Nations Disaster Relief organization)
UNICEF ( United Nations children’s Emergency Fund)
UNIDO ( United Nations Industrial Development organization)
UNRWA (United Nations Relief and works agency)
UNO ( United Nations Organization)
UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration)
ILO ( International Labor Organization)
WHO (World Health Organization)
ILHR (International Law of Human Rights)
In a nutshell, it can be said that the birth of United Nations in general and International Law of Human Rights in particular is a boundless blessing for the humanity. The evolution of International law, especially the International law of HUMAN RIGHTS, can truly be regarded as the miracles of the Modern age and brings the humanity one more step closer to the long awaited concept and dream of Internationalism.

The charter of universal declaration of human rights can be perceived as International constitution created by thoughtful people of the world for the all round development of each and every human being of this planet regardless of their nationality ;race,cast,creed,belief and religion. The collective mind of those public intellectuals and humanists whose tireless lab our and omnibeneficient heart created the International Law of HUMAN RIGHTS were fully convinced that Nationalism in its every possible form, is a pernicious phenomenon. Its worst version the racist “mass psychosis” that gained ascendancy in Germany after Nazis seizure of power. They had experienced that Nationalism led to the self isolation of a nation, suppression of political freedoms and scorn for the cultural heritage of others nations, and prevented the development of International Scientific, cultural and Economic ties. According to these people Nationalism is a menace To civilization. They saw blind and fan tic nationalism as driving force behind the birth of International Law of HUMAN RIGHTS. Conventional thinking which is prevalent in International law before World War II was that an individual is merely an object to the law of its nations. An individual person was not regarded as a subject of International law since the law of nations is based on the common consent of individual states and not of individual human beings. The general accepted position was that no sovereign state may inquire that into the matter in which another sovereign rules. If he treats his subject with severity no foreign state can require the other state to follow a wiser and more just curse. The consequence Of this doctrine was that what a sovereign state did to its citizens was its own affair and it was none of the business of the other states or the international community to interfere. It is incredible, but true, that the British Government refused to register any protest about the atrocities perpetrated against German nationals under the Nazi regime on the ground that it was against the rules of International law for one sovereign state to complain about the treatment meted out to the nationals of another sovereign state By the government of that state. The reason is that absolute state sovereignty and domestic jurisdiction of the state in their internal affairs were the ruling dogmas of the day.

Slowly but steadily, there has been a revolutionary change in this trend of thinking. The off dogmas of state sovereignty and domestic jurisdiction have suffered severe dent. How was this revolution brought about? It is a cruel irony that a person who destroyed the basic human right of million, add lf Hitler, is in some way responsible for its. The civilized and cultured world was revolted against the cruel and barbaric act of animality perpetrated by the Nazis by using ghastly gas chambers operated With meticulous efficiency to killed innocent German civilians. The fallacies of the theory of absolute state sovereignty and legal positivism stood cruelly exposed by the anti-human laws passed and the atrocities committed under the apparent cover of legality in Nazi Germany. Out of several reasons I want to cite historically and socially two more important and devastating reasons or incidents, which had given birth to the International human rights movement and broader law. The first one is the atrocities perpetrated by Hitler against German innocent civilians.

The second one is the holocaust of both the property and lives of the million of people in the event of Second World War. The Second World War was the result of arrogant, fan tic and blind nationalism. The Second World War also the result of perverted racist feeling. There was universal determination with vehement condemnation to prevent recurrence of such barbaric acts to save the humanity from ignominy and catastrophe. This is a strange but true fulfillment of Devine and eternal saying “Good cometh out of evil “just like a flower of kamal (LOTUS) Comes out of mud.

Apart from these two devastating reasons or incidents I want to mention one reason or one incident which played a supportive role to the above mentioned two reasons or incidents which was given birth to International Law of HUMAN RIGHTS.

This is, the immense and rapid progress achieved by humanity in the field of transportation and communication, which transformed the whole chaotic world into harmonious single whole and global village. Concern for man himself and his fate must always from the chief interest of all endeavors including International Law of HUMAN RIGHTS. Social agreements, closeness among diverse cultures and religions and economic protection of the individual always seem to me the essential goal of every This is, the immense and rapid progress achieved by humanity in the field of transportation and communication, which transformed the whole chaotic world into harmonious single whole and global village. Concern for man himself and his fate must always from the chief interest of all endeavors including International law of HUMAN RIGHTS. Social agreement, closeness among diverse cultures and religions and economic protection of the individual always seem to me the essential goal of every civil society. It is the happy, prosperous and secured human being who is the real property of a nation. It is the duty of the Government to provide minimum living standard to its citizen. By willfully ignoring the bodice need and requirements of its citizen , if any Government wasting extravagantly public money and national resources elsewhere than it is committing a grave crime against the lives and dignity of its citizen and it has no moral right to be remaining power. One of the interesting and encouraging recent developments in international law has been the recognition of responsibility of the state for its inaction which results in violation of human rights.

10th December1948 is memorable and sacred day for the oppressed and deprived people(irrespective of their cast,creed,religion,belief and nationality) all over the world including in India, as on this day universal declaration of human rights adopted by United Nations Organization for protection of rights of all human beings and every section of society.

On 16th December 1966 India is a party to the International covenant of civil and political rights (ICCPR) and also to the International covenants of economics, social and cultural rights adopted by the general assembly, United Nations Organization. Our country as a party to this International Covenant has signed the convention, but has not yet ratified it. Since then the government of our country is shirking from their responsibilities by saying that the ratification is imminent.

Our country achieved freedom on 15August 1947, after much blood and cost. Our constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949. But the provision laid down in universal declaration of HUMAN RIGHTS is not adopted as HUMAN RIGHTS in our constitution. Article- 19, of our constitution declares rights to freedom, viz (I) freedom of speech expression (ii) freedom of association (iii) freedom of occupation (IV) freedom of religion (v) freedom of movement within the territory of India.

Article- 21, states that nobody will deprived by his life and liberty outside the provision established by the law.

There has been growing concern in the country and aboard about issues relating to human rights. The HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION Bill was introduced in Lok Sabha 14 May, 1993. In view of urgency of the matter the protection of HUMAN RIGHTS ordinance 1993, was promulgated by the president on 28 September, 1993.

The selective few salient features of the HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION

Bill “1993” are-

The commission will be a fact finding body with powers to conduct inquiry into complains of Violation of HUMAN RIGHTS.
The state government may set up HUMAN RIGHTS courts for speedy trial of offences, arising out of violations of HUMAN RIGHTS.
The commission may make recommendation for the effective implementation of the existing laws and treaties on human rights.
The protection of Indian human rights act, 1993. Here as per this act “Human Rights” means only the right relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the constitution or embodied in the International convents and enforceable by courts in India. The formation of state and NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION 1993 is merely a hoax to the nation as the provision in the act does not contain the protection of human rights as embodied in the universal declaration of HUMAN RIGHTS on 10th Dec, 1948.

The power of commissions is very limited. The commission of India is just an advisory and recommendatory body. The main power is vested in Government. It is not empowered to act freely as an autonomous body. It the concerned Government which is empowered to take punishable action against any body. Till today the Government fails to set up HUMAN RIGHTS courts for speedy trial of offences, arising out of violations of HUMAN RIGHTS.

After going through the protection of human rights act India,1993 it appears to me that this act is full of prejudice, severity an offensive in respect of a particular government department named Executive or police force or administrative or law enforcement agency and their official: Under the cover of Human Rights and on the name of implementation of the same the Indian Government has confines the police force and made the same escape –goat: By focusing or stressing almost entirely on the police department by this act , the government is not only misguiding people but also distorting the real essence and ideal of International Law of Human Rights. Certainly this does not mean that I want to state that police force is blameless, spotless, innocent and infallible. But I object vehemently when the government restricts the aim and objective or subject matter of Human Rights only to deal with or only to cope with the police force is a pre- planned, calculated, unusual and crooked move of the government to shirk from its responsibilities and sets trap for the police force in the form of human rights to humiliate the same and curtail their power. It is not only the police force which is entirely accountable for the misery, disorder, cruelty and foul play of this world including of India. The International law of human rights or Universal declaration of human rights has many issues or subject matter or topics to deal with and the police force is one topic out of its several topics. The issue relating police force is a tiny part of that vast International law of human rights. To reduce the human rights as a force or as a law or as a means which came into existence to govern, tackle and examine police force is not only ridiculous but also grave, injustice. To see the part as a whole and to treat the part as a whole is foolish and erroneous pereception.The government comprises of three elements, (1) Legislature, (2) Administrative and the, (3) Judiciary. The international law of human rights rests its actual and complete emphasis on the government as a whole including all its functionaries not merely or solely on police force. Among these three departments, the legislature holds the key. The judiciary and administrative are playing the second fiddle or playing the subordinate role to legislature. In principle these three departments of government are independent and separate to each other but in practice, indirectly it is legislature which is controlling and governing the other two. It is dangerous sign for India that legislature is slowly but steadily tightening its grip over judiciary and executive. If the police force will be found guilty of wrong doing and acting beyond its jurisdiction in 100 cases, the 80 out of this 100 cases they do this under latent but intense pressure of the government itself. Every government gets that sort of police force, which it deserves. A bad and incompetent government always has the same kind of police force. After giving a close look to the Indian human rights protection act 1993, an intriguing question creeps in the mind, that out of these three parts or departments of the government, why the provision of Indian human rights act,1993, is only or solely applicable and enforceable on administrative department, not on legislature and judiciary. Why the Indian human rights protection act 1993 does not encompasses the whole of government rather than a part of it. Why Indian human rights protection act 1993 does not endowed with the required or requisite provision and necessary material so that it can become applicable and enforceable on both the legislature and judiciary. The International law of human rights teaches the government that what its duty towards its civilian is. How it should treat with its civilians. It is the duty of the government as well as within the jurisdiction of the government to show the police force more just and appropriate path to follow and how to cope with it. In order to win the faith of the common people and secure a soft corner in the collective heart of the same, the police force will need honesty, integrity and polished demeanour.The police force should made to realize that their duty is to give the citizen a transparent and accountable adiminstration.To provide security to the lives, dignity and property of its citizens is there first and foremost priority. My organization reiterates its commitment to take care and protect the right of police force too. we pray before government to reconsider and revise their stand and out-look and fallacies of Indian human rights protection act 1993, in regard of police force, and make necessary amendment for saving the police force from undue pressure and embarrassment. After picking to pieces of Indian human rights protection act 1993, in the light of International law of human rights. It becomes crystal clear that this Indian human rights act is an intellectual fornication not only with the Indian people but also with the spirit and lofty ideals of International laws of human rights.

Our constitution of India is also much behind of taking positive measure for protection of HUMAN RIGHTS in India.

The general comments of the HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE on article 6 of the ICCPR WHICH DECLARES THAT “ every human being has the inherent right to life everywhere”. The expression “ RIGHT TO LIFE” should not be understood in Restrictive manner. It is a very broad and comprehensive declaration. All the articles or declaration of Universal declaration of HUMAN RIGHTS and ICCPR is supportive and revolve around this one declaration. The committee’s interpretation of the expression “LIFE” corresponds to the interpretation placed upon the expression “life” in Article 21 of our Constitution by our supreme court according which life does not mean merely physical existence. (To be remain alive anyhow) but comprehend right to live with dignity. The committee also took the view that the protection of the right to life requires that states adopt positive measures. For example, it would be desirable for state parties to take all possible steps to reduce infant mortality and to increase life expectancy, especially by adopting measures to eliminate malnutrition and epidemics.

RIGHT TO LIFE includes RIGHT TO HEALTH, RIGHT TO NUTRITIOUS FOOD, RIGHT TO POLLUTION FREE AIR, RIGHT TO SAFE DRINKING WATER, and RIGHT TO LIVE with a sense or feeling of Security with their private enterprise.

In its second General comment on Articles 6, the committee focused on the danger of nuclear weapons. According to it the designing, testing, manufacturing, possession and deployment of nuclear weapons are among the greatest threats to the RIGHT TO LIFE and recognized as crime against humanity.

The loud and clear massage of the convention against torture 1984 is that the persons who commit torture should find no safe haven and cannot claim immunity for their actions. Law enforcement agency and their officials, especially the police, have a special responsibility because torture is most prevalent at police station and in the lock up. They should be sensitized and made to realize that torture is the greatest affront to human dignity. The mentality that without torture there can be no effective detection of crime and prosecution of criminals must be dispelled. It should be made mandatory for every public servant to obtain a pass or O.K certificate from Human Rights panel or experts before appointing an officer.

In declaration of the Right to Development (4th December, 1986) which is in its preamble recognizes that “the human person is the central subject of the development process and that development policy should, therefore, make the human being main participant and beneficiary of development. This declaration provides that “the right to development is an inalienable human right by virtue of which every human person and all peoples are entitled to participate in, contribute to and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development, in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realized” This is the essence of the sustainable and holistic development.

The UNIVERSAL DECLARATION 1948 contains with 30 Articles, the: –
Article: 1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Article: 2 Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration. Without distinction of any kind. Such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion. National or social origin, property, birth or other status.
Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.

Article: 3 Everyone has the right of life, liberty and security of person.

Article: 4 No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.

Article: 5 No one shall be subjected to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

Article: 6 Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

Article: 7 All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.
Article: 8 Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by the law.

Article: 9 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.

Article: 10 Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.

Article: 11 a) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defense.
b) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.
Article: 12 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

Article: 11 a) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defense.
b) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.
Article: 12 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

Article: 13 a) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.

Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.
Article: 14 a) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from Persecution.
This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non – political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
Article: 15 a) Everyone has the right to a nationality.
b) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

Article: 16 a) Men and women of full age, without limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.

1. b) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. c) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the state.
   Article: 17 a) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.

No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.
Article: 18 Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this Right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either Alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.

Article: 19 Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

Article: 20 a) Everyone has the right to freedom of peacefully assembly and association.

No one may be compelled to belong to an association.
Article: 21 a) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country directly or through freely chosen representatives.

Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.
The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.

Article: 22 Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization through national effort and international co- operation in accordance with the organization and resources of each state, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.
Article: 23 a) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work to protection against unemployment.

Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.
Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection.
Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.
Article: 24 Everyone has the right to rest and leisure including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.

Article: 25 a) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well- being of himself and of his family, including, food, clothing, housing and medical care necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.

Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.
Article: 26 a) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the Elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.

Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.
Article: 27 a) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the Community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.

1. b) Everyone has the right to protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.

Article: 28 Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in the Declaration can be fully realized.

Article: 29 a) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full
Development of his personality is possible.

1. b) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.

These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
Article: 30 Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any state, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.

Our organization is working basically and preferably on these six articles. Our organization is trying to pressurize the government by nonviolent means to include the universal declaration of human rights in the constitution of India. Our organization is guided by this principle that by solving the problem of a human being you are solving the problem of humanity itself.

The major problem of human society is to combine that degree of liberty without which law is oppression with that degree of law without which liberty becomes license. It is a delusion to think that the nations security can be advanced by the sacrifice of the individuals’ basic liberty. Both nationals security and individuals basic liberty is a matter of paramount importance to us. We should make a proper balance between these two vital issues. One should not advanced or promote one at the cost of another. Every government of the world including Indian government is trying to enact stringent legislation under the apparent cover of national security to robbed of the basic human rights of its civilians. Human rights and Human liberties are one and the same thing. Only free human being has right. Slave has no right only duty. Without liberty no body can realize his inherent all round capacity. In recent times is heard so frequently than even before from several mouths that communalism of the minority is a major threat to secular amity of our country, but one must not forget that communalism of the majority too can posses even more real threat to secular fabric or secular harmony of our country. A good and competent governance should strive towards social integration, not more divisions.

I personally believe that women rights are human rights. I also believe that women needs human right more that men because women are living more inhuman life that men in this world. Women are more likely than men to suffer physical abuse, discrimination, harassment in the so called private spheres of the home, the local community or the factory. This is I firm conviction that as long as I will not look or treat women right separately than that of men I can not do any justice to them. It is in the judicious attainment of liberation, financial security, specific kind of education and fearlessness by woman. Where lies a real and concrete hope for mankind and civilization. In conclusion of the essence of the legal aspects of sustainable development, Feminism and International Law, I want to assert that at this juncture the humanity needs more love and less papers work for peaceful co- existence. It is going to be the moral, social and legal duty of intelligentsia, humanist and people of substance from all over the globe to join shoulder with shoulder for saving the human person with their inherent human value and dignity and to be remain human even in this darkest hour of humanity from which mankind is confronting to-day.

By wishing you all the best

1. S. ARYA ( All India Secretary General C.C.)
   For “Asian Front of HUMAN RIGHTS.

Our organization is working

 basically and preferably

 on UDHR articles.

ASIAN FRONT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
REGD,(S-95988/99)

AFHR Office: 25A, Park Street ( 2nd Flr.)
R. No.-212, Kolkata-700016. (WB)

Contact : 9831441197, 983149520

FAX: +91 33 2641 5900
Email: asianfront@yahoo.co.in / humanrights@afhr.org.in
web: www.afhr.org.in

All India Secretary General ( P. S. ARYA ) for, AFHR

14 B. B. Ganguly Street, (Previous Add.)

Corp. Office: 277/278, Bangur Avenue,
Block-A, Near Old Post Office,
Kolkata – 700 055.

WELCOME TO ASIAN FRONT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. The Asian Front of Human Rights was established in the year 1978.  At the time, it was founded by Shew Sagar Ram Goolam ( Former Prime Minister & Governor-Mauritius.) and Neharendu Dutta Mazumdar ( Colleague of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose ) Under their Leadership, Various Programmes on Human Rights were actively been